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Most text bugs begin with a quiet category error: treating a string as if it were text. This guide starts at bytes, code points, and grapheme clusters, then builds small utilities for truncation, sorting, and search that preserve names and emoji instead of quietly corrupting them.
A database can look like magic until you reduce it to a file that only grows. This walkthrough builds a small durable key-value store in TypeScript, then adds replay, snapshots, and compaction to show why the append-only log remains such a powerful mental model in 2026.
A practical, from-scratch interpreter project that turns tokenization, parsing, evaluation, and closures into a working mental model. The result is a compact language you can run, test, and extend without depending on a parser generator.